Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Absorption, material, penetration, 137
 silencers, 120
  design, 122
  tailpipe size, 124
Accelerator pumps, 188
Air-intake length, 204
Amplitude of waves, 44, 204
Anti-backfire valve, 258
Antinodes, 54
Area, conversion factors, 264
 cross sectional of tube, 263
Aspiration, equal interval, 186
Atmospheric pollution, 246
 U.S. standards, 248
Auto extraction of residuals, 75

B

Back pressure, 19, 31
 type silencers, 125, 128
Baffle silencer experiments, 125
 effect of different perforations, 138
Balance pipe, 216
Blowing down, 17
Bristol induction system, 218
Brooklands silencer, 119
By-pass silencer, 168

C

Californian emission control legislation, 247
Carbon monoxide formation, 250
Carburation, effect on exhaust emissions, 248
Carburetter Zenith Stromberg CDSE, 253
Catalytic converters, 260
Cathode-ray tube, use for electronic indicators, 73
Charge mixing, 15
Chrysler ram-induction, 219
Clean air package, 252
Collector cone construction, 148
Control of exhaust emissions, 252
Conversion factors, 264
Coventry-Climax induction manifold, 217
Crossley scavenging engine, 39
Cross-sectional area of tubing, 263
Cylinder filling, 194
Cylinder pressure, 21, 195, 231

D

Damping effect of megaphones, 178
Design of absorption silencer, 122
Diffuser, design, 175
 megaphone, 174
Dimensions and weights of tubing, 263
Displacement of waves, 44
Dissociation processes, 250
Duplex manifold, Zenith system, 255

E

Efficiency, loss of volumetric, 16, 37
 thermal, 20
Electronic pressure-indicators, 72
Emission control carburetters, 253
 systems, 252
Engine speed, effect on exhaust pressure, 90
Exhaust box construction, 144  boxes, 119
 emission control, 252
 measurement, 252  gas composition, 251
 reverse flow, 27
 heated induction manifold, 190
 manifold design, 16, 26
 mountings, 146
 pipe length, 88
 pipes stepped, 96, 168
 pollution, 246
  U.S. standards, 248
 ports siamesed, 102
 pressure, 75
  along a pipe, 92
  curves, measurement, 85
   theoretical, 80
  effect of engine speed, 90
  in long pipes, 94, 162
  primary pipe diameter, 142
   layout, 144
   length, 141
  recirculation, 259
  residuals, 15, 19, 21
  system, effect on power output, 35
Exhaust systems for racing, 173
 V8 engines, 180
 six cylinder engines, 112, 149
 with silencer, design, 140
Expansion chambers misnamed, 119

F

Federal emission control, 248
Fishtail silencers, 119, 128
Flow characteristics of gas, 25
 experiments on silencers, 33
 friction in pipes, 38
 in single carburetter manifolds, 201
 reversal of exhaust gas, 27
 through inlet valve, 194
Ford V8 racing exhaust system, 180
Frequency of wave, 44, 202
Friction in pipes, 38
Fuel injection, 205

G

Gas flow characteristics, 25
  experiments on silencers, 33
  friction in pipes, 38
  in single carburetter manifolds, 201
  reversal, 27
  speed through exhaust ports, 78
  through inlet valve, 194
 speed calculations, 265
 velocity increase in long branches, 30
Gulp valves, 258

H

Harmonic induction engine, 96
 motion simple, 44
Harmonics, 59
Heating induction manifold, 190, 202, 214
Hydrocarbons unburned, 248

I

Ignition timing, effect on emissions, 252
Imperial standard wire gauge, 263
Independence exhaust system, four cylinder engine, 141
  six cylinder engine, 149
Indicator, electronic, 72
 valve, multi-point, 62
  single point, 65
Induction manifold heating, 190, 202
  pressure, 20, 198
 process theory, 237
 ram, Chrysler, 219
 ramming technique, 199, 202, 215, 219
 system design, 183, 208, 221
  twin carburetters, 210, 213, 216
 four cylinder, 184, 209
 six cylinder, 187
 tract conditions, 188
  length, 204, 218, 221
Injection of fuel, 205
Inlet valve gas flow, 194
 tuning, 24, 195, 239
Intake length, 204
 temperature, 22
Interference, application to four cylinders, 110
  six cylinders, 115
 between exhausting cylinders, 104
 branch on siamesed exhaust port, 153
 effect on parallel twin, 115
 elimination, 29 general application, 107
 in sound waves, 50
 silencers, 133

J

Jaguar induction design, triple carburetter, 219
 manifold details, 191

K

Kinetic energy scavenge theory, 75

L

Length of exhaust pipe, calculation, 82
Long branch exhaust pipes, 30
Los Angeles pollution problems, 246

M

Manifold air oxidation, 257
 design, exhaust, 26
  inlet, 208
 heating, inlet, 190, 202
 pressures, inlet, 198
 reactors, 259
Manometer tube indicators, 60
Megaphone diffusers, 174
 design, 175
Mixture quality, 188
Morrison indicator, 62
 silencer construction, 129
Motor cycle engines, silencing, 125
 racing exhaust systems, 174
Mounting the exhaust system, 146
Multi-cylinder manifolds, 97
Multiple chokes, 221
Multipoint indicator valve, 62

N

Nitrogen oxides, 250
 control, 258
Nodes and anti-nodes, 54

O

Operating cycle temperature, 21
Organ pipes, 57
 theory, 82
Oscilloscope, use for electronic indicator, 73
Oval interference silencer, 135
Overlapping of valves, 17
Oxides of nitrogen, 250
 control, 258

P

Particle velocity, 46, 56
Penetration of absorption material, 137
Petrol injection, 205
Phase and path of sound waves, 48
Pipe bore, effect on pressure, 90
 friction, 38
 length calculations, multiple pipes, 100
   single pipes, 82
  effect on pressure, 90
  variations, 88   materials available, 143
Pipes, organ, 57
Pollution, contribution of motor vehicles, 247
 from gasoline engines, 246
 standards, U.S., 248
Power output, effect of systems, 35
Pressure conversion factors, 264
 curves, measured for exhaust, 85
 theoretical for exhaust, 80
 cycle, 21
 cylinder, 21
 drop in stepped pipe, 94
Pressure effect of pipe length, 90
   waves 49
  on velocity of sound, 53
 induction manifold, 20, 198
 of exhaust gas along a pipe, 92
   in long pipes, 94, 162
Primary pipe diameter, 142
 layout, 144
 length, 141
Progressive and stationary waves, 54
Pulsations in gas, 75

R

Racing exhaust systems, 173
 induction systems, 221
Ram-induction, Chrysler, 219
Ramming technique, 199, 202, 215, 219
Reactor manifolds, 259
Recirculation of exhaust, 259
Reflected sound waves, 54
Residual gases, 15, 19, 21
Resistance to flow, use of, 115
Resonance, 59, 92
Reverse flow, silencing effect, 129
 through inlet valve, 24

S

Self-induction engine, 95
Siamesed exhaust ports, 102, 149
Silencer, absorption, 120
 design, 122
 back-pressure type, 125, 128
 Brooklands, 119
 fishtail, 119, 128
 interference, 133
 types, 38
Silencing, 117
 effect of baffle perforations, 138
  restricted outlet, 120
 motor-cycle engines, 125
Simple harmonic motion, 44
Sine waves, 48
Single point indicator valve, 65
Six cylinder engines, exhaust system, 112, 149
Sound, basic theory, 43
 effect of temperature and pressure on velocity, 53
 propagation, 45
 velocity, 52
 waves, 44
Sound waves, effect of viscous drag, 118
  interference, 50
  phase and path, 48
  reflected, 54
Speed of gas through exhaust ports, 78
  waves, 84
Stationary and progressive waves, 54
Stepped exhaust pipes, 96, 168
Straight-through racing systems, 173
Stub exhausts on racing engines, 173
Supercharging, 17
Surface-to-volume ratio, 248

T

Tailpiece size for absorption silencers, 123
Tapered exhaust pipes, racing engines, 174
Temperature compensation of mixture, 255
 conversion factors, 264
 effect on velocity of sound, 53
 intake, 22
 operating cycle, 21
Thermal efficiency, 20
Timing, valve, 17, 198, 211, 223, 244
 for supercharging, 18
Torque, increase from volumetric efficiency, 36
variation on six cylinder engine, 113
Toyota emission control system, 257
Triumph engine, induction system, 209
 performance comparison, 211
Twin-carburetter induction system, 210, 213, 216
 cylinder engine exhaust system, 114

U

Unburned hydrocarbons formation, 248
U.S. Federal emission legislation, 248
U-tube manometers, 60

V

V-8 engine exhaust systems, 180
 induction system, 219
Valve opening inlet, 24
 overlap, 17, 198
 size, 242
 timing, 17, 198, 211, 223, 244
  with blower, 18
Vauxhall engine, manifold design, 213
 performance comparison, 214
Velocity conversion factors, 264
 of sound, 52
  effect of temperature and pressure, 53
 waves, 48
 particle, 46, 56
Viscous drag, effect on sound waves, 118
 in megaphones, 178
Volume conversion factors, 264
 of exhaust boxes calculation, 264
Volumetric efficiency, loss of, 16, 37, 202

W

Water heated manifold, 190,214
Wave, effect on cylinder filling, 196
  pressure, 49
 frequency, 44, 202
Wavelength, 48
Wave motion theory, 44
 progressive and stationary, 54
 propagation of sound, 45
 theory, 76
 sine, 48
 speed, 84
 velocity, 48
Weights of tubing, 263
Wire gauge, Imperial standard, 263

Z

Zenith Duplex system, 255
 Stromberg carburetter, 253