INTRODUCTION

1. BASIC INTENTIONS
Requirements - Effect on design - Charge mixing - Fixed residual quantity - Exhaust manifold - Overlapping - Blowing-down - Influence of residuals - Effect on temperature - Pressure balance - Early inlet opening - Gas flow characteristics - Manifold design - Reverse flow

2. SIMPLE FLOW PROBLEMS
Eliminating interference - Long branches - Pressure variations - Flow experiments - Types of silencer - Pipe friction - Crossley scavenging engine - Vehicle requirements - Pulsating gas-flow

3. SOUND AND ITS ENERGY
Basic theory - Propagation of sound waves - Wave length and velocity - Phase and path difference - Pressure variation - Interference in sound waves - Velocity of sound - Effect of pressure and temperature - Progressive and stationary waves - Particle velocity and pressure variations - The organ pipe - Resonance and harmonics

4. PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
Rapid response - Principle of Morrison indicator - Multipoint valve - Indicator frame - Pressure readings - Single-point indicator - Timing the indicator - Setting-up - The electronic indicator - Time scale - Permanent records - Further details

5. PRESSURE PHENOMENA AND THEIR APPLICATION
Exhaust pressure - Wave propagation - Gas speed - Column inertia - The ideal curve - Organ pipe theory - Speed of the wave - What the curves show - Varying pipe length - Pressure and pipe length - Pressure and engine speed - Resonance - Pressure in long pipe - Multi-cylinder manifolds - Sub-division of manifolds - Siamesed ports - Independence of vibration - Interference - Interference application - Interference action - Test conclusions - Six-cylinder engines - Interference on a six - Effect on parallel-twin - Resistance method

6. SILENCER DESIGN
Sound reduction - The exhaust box - Restricted outlet - Absorption silencers - Design considerations - Tailpipe size - Silencing motor-cycle type engines - Back pressure silencer - The projected design - Test of back pressure silencer - Further experiments

7. DESIGNING A SYSTEM WITH SILENCER
Design factors - Primary pipe length - Pipe diameter - Primary pipe layout - Exhaust box - Dimensions - Tailpipe - Mountings - Six-cylinder engines - Cylinder ports - Existing manifold - Interference manifolds

8. DESIGNING A SYSTEM FOR RACING
Individual pipes - Pipe shape - Varying diameter - Diffuser shape - Designer"s comments - Fact and fancy - Combined systems - Multi-cylinder experiments - Tailpipe fittings

9. INDUCTION SYSTEM DESIGN
General requirements - Carburetter position - Four-cylinder problems - Duct length - Six-cylinders - Other engines - Tract conditions - Mixture quality - Heating arrangements - Exhaust heat - Water jackets

10. CYLINDER FILLING
Flow through inlet valve - Cylinder pressures - Manifold pressures - Ramming technique - Individual duct - Air intake length - Combined ramming

11. MODERN INDUCTION PRACTICE . .
Modern induction systems - Performance comparison, Triumph - Vauxhall design - Performance comparison, Vauxhall - Ramming pipes - Long ducts - Chrysler ram-induction - Multiple chokes

12. VALVE TIMING
Timing angles - Practical example - Bolder measures - Conditions at b d c - Inlet valve - Inlet t d c - Rate of lift

13. AN ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCTION PROCESS
Evolution - Pressure variations - End-of-stroke pressure - Induction process - Influence on torque - Use of analysis - Valve size - Conclusion

14. EXHAUST POLLUTION CONTROL
The pollution problem - The formation of pollutants - Other factors influencing exhaust emissions - Measurement of emissions - Methods of control - The Zenith Stromberg CDSE carburetter - The Zenith Duplex system - Manifold-air-oxidation - Gulp valves - Control of oxides of nitrogen - Exhaust recirculation - Reactor manifolds - Catalytic converters - Future developments

APPENDIX
Imperial standard wire gauge - Cross-sectional areas of tubing - Dimensions and weights of tubing - Volume of exhaust boxes - Conversion factors: area, volume, weight, pressure, velocity, temperature, gas speed

LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED
Books - Articles in periodicals -Papers to learned societies - Theses, briefs, drafts, letters

INDEX